‘Conscience Is the Voice of God’ Discuss. - 1152 Words

‘Conscience is the voice of god’ Discuss. Most people would agree that conscience is the reasoned voice inside us that guides and tells us what we should and shouldn’t do. However peoples views on the origins of conscience can differ a lot; whether people belief its Gods doing or whether it’s innate or even whether it is acquired. In this essay I will be showing the viewpoints of various philosophers with their beliefs on whether conscience is or isn’t the voice of God. Ultimately I believe that conscience is not the voice of God. John Henry Newman believed that conscience was the voice of God, and that following the suggestions of your conscience gives the same significance as to follow God’s laws and values. Newman used†¦show more content†¦It is not an instinctive feeling about what is right - instead, it is an ability to use reason to weigh up factors in a moral decision. Butler says we have a number of influences, but the conscience should not be seen as merely one among many drives or passions. The conscience should have ultimate authority over all of our instincts. On the other hand, there are also beliefs that our conscience is not the voice of God – shown by the views of Sigmund Freud and Erich Fromm. Freud believed that people were psychologically conditioned to act in a certain way, and their sense of right and wrong are not absolutes, but depend on our life experience and our society. Freud believed that figures such as parents, religion and school impose a great influence on our decision-making than our conscience, which is said to be the voice of God. These ‘rules’ influenced on us are believed to over ride the conscience that is innate. An individual therefore leans to restrain its desires by the rules it as internalised through other types of authority, excluding God. According to Freud, a good conscience was the result of following the rules; a guilty conscience was when instincts were followed and rules are consequently broken. These rules can be so deeply ingrained as they have been influenced at such a young age that people may feel their conscience is the voice of God, when in fact they have inherited these rules and guilt. Erich Fromm also supported the view that conscience isShow MoreRelatedOnly God can be the source of moral awareness. Discuss. (10 marks)883 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Heloise Tudor Only God can be the source of moral awareness. Discuss. (10) Moral awareness is sometimes referred to as the human conscience, it supposedly separates us from other animals and allows us to function as a society. A moral is a value that we live our lives by and each one contributes to a moral code of conduct which then becomes a country’s laws. This essay focuses on the ideas of Kant and Newman, who believed the source of moral awareness could potentially be God, and Freud and RussellRead MoreDid Socrates Believe in the Athenian gods?982 Words   |  4 PagesBelieve in the Gods? Socrates does not explicitly answer whether or not he believed in the many gods of Athens, but he definitely believed in at least one divinity: his inner voice. Although this may still be considered a form of impiety by an Athenian jury, it is erroneous to describe Socrates as an atheist. The philosopher’s views on religion were unorthodox to say the least. His actions seem to suggest atheism, as he is more interested in debating wisdom than pursuing favor with the gods. SocratesRead More Wallace Stevens and Emile Durkheim Essay example1468 Words   |  6 Pagessocial-philosophical thought. Emile Durkheims theories on religion closely parallel those of Stevens. Both men believe that there is no supreme greater being, or God, that gives things order and meaning. But both men also believe that humans need to read order and meaning into the world to understand it, even if the meaning humans imply is false because there is no God. Since this aspect of both mens ideas is so similar, Durkheims outline of ideas on religion can form a model by which Stevens poem can be analyzedRead MoreEvents of the Philippine Island1143 Words   |  5 Pages1. Read Chapter 8 of Antonio de Morgas Events of the Philippines Islands with the Rizal annotation. Then take one section of Ch apter 8 which talks about precolonial cultures and IN YOUR OWN WORDS, discuss its significance and use to our present-day ideas of culture, history, and identify. Jose Rizal’s annotation of Antonio Morgas Historical Events of the Philippine’s Islands. â€Å"Rizal had a burning desire to know exactly the conditions of the Philippines when the Spaniards came ashore to theRead MoreSocrates Was Wise About God1920 Words   |  8 PagesFarishta Abdullahi Phil. 120 November 13, 2015 Socrates was wise about God In order to determine whether or not Socrates was wise about God, we must first define the term â€Å"wise† in this context. What is the definition of wisdom? What makes someone wise? The literal meaning, or etymology, of the word is derived from the Indo-European stem woid which means to see. It also relates to similar words such as the Greek idein and the Latin videre, both also meaning â€Å"to see† (Mohr, pg. 3). Whereas, in EnglishRead MoreConsequences Of Being Good People Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pagesconsider â€Å"good people.† For centuries Christians, have believe that sex before marriage is a sin and there are many verses in the Bible that justify this belief such as; â€Å"Let marriage be held in honor among all, and let the marriage bed be undefiled, for God will judge the sexual immoral and adulterous.† Hebrew 13:4. The judgement of a child born out of wedlock is a direct result of this belief and a â€Å"good Christian† should not be put themselves in the situation to have a child out of wedlock. ThereforeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Butch Cassidy And The Sundance Kid 1595 Words   |  7 Pagesaway their lives in sin and went about not caring that they were hurting themselves or others. It’s something we witness every day and we try to justify our sins. In the end, as we learn, we give into temptation and the devil. Fight Club doesn’t discuss the idea of sin but it discusses the path to salvation. Both Project Mayhem and Fight Club appear as almost a cult with devoted followers that Tyler guides to create a new world. Similar to Jesus leading his disciples and talking about a perfect world:Read MoreMachiavelli, Hobbes, And Locke1791 Words   |  8 Pagesbe. There are many topics both modern and ancient thinkers discuss in their writings, such as the purpose of politics, the science of politics, human nature, as well as the ideal regime. By doing so, these thinkers’ views on politica l topics such as these illuminate how they thought politics should work and who should be able to participate in the activity of politics. Purpose of Politics To begin with, an important theme to discuss is what the modern thinkers believe is the purpose of politicsRead MoreThe Relationship of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pages out of the way, the path would be clear for her husband. Macbeth has already had similar thoughts: My thought, whose murder yet is fantastical he reveals in Act I, Scene 3 however, so far in the play, neither has had the chance to discuss these thoughts with the other. Although Macbeth is excited at the thought of being King, he realises that to commit murder could lead to unknown consequences and he is disturbed: My thoughtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Shakes so my single state of man thatRead MoreEffects Of Excluding African Religions And Beliefs From Global Discourse Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesotential Effects of Excluding African Religions and Beliefs from Global Discourse In this paper, I will discuss the implications of excluding African traditions from the global religious dialogue. First I will give a brief overview on the deliberation. Then, I will attempt to present how this exclusion occurs or might occur, and lastly what its implications of are. To begin, my proposal to pursue this discourse stems from the class reading assignment related to â€Å"emerging† global consciousness

Business Should Always Be Ethically and Socially Responsible Free Essays

Corporate scandals in business world have been more and more common, which damages the interest and profits of stakeholders, employers, community or society. The corporate scandals pull the public to focus on the ethic of managers and the firm itself. Comparing to the past, customers are focusing more and more on the reputation of the firms and they prefer to select the brands that are environmentally friendly and socially responsible when they buy products or service. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Should Always Be Ethically and Socially Responsible or any similar topic only for you Order Now This change pushes firms to maintain their reputations with more efforts. Corporate social responsibility has been a hot topic in business world today, which is an important part of building brand image while brand image is a value for firms. This essay holds the statement that business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Firstly, it gives the several definitions of business ethic and corporate social responsibility briefly. Subsequently, it outlines the pros and coins for addressing corporate social responsibility. Following this, it discusses the negative effects caused by corporate scandals with several real cases likeToyota, Bernard Madoff and Enron. Finally it discusses the benefits when business is ethically and socially responsible with the examples of Procter Gamble and Li Ka-shing. Definitions of business ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Ethics is the code of values and principles to govern people’s behaviours to verdict what is right or wrong. Business ethic is the application of personal moral in commercial enterprise. Comparing to the vague definition of business ethics, the definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is clearer. As stated by The World Business Council for Sustainable Development(2014), corporate social responsibility is the commitment of business to contribute to the economic development and the welfare of employees and the family, the community and the whole society. European Commission (2014) defines this concept as follow: the firms integrate concerns of social and environment with stakeholders in the economic decisions and actions voluntarily. The definitions of business ethics and corporate social responsibility state that business firms are acting ethically and socially responsible means in the economic operations they should consider the interests of stakeholders, environment and society and they should concern the welfare of employees and the family instead of concerning only the profits of firms and personal interest. The proponents of CSR include the moral obligation, license to operate, sustainability and reputation (Porter, 2004). According to Lahovnik (2008), there are three levels of corporate social responsibility. The first level is the obligation to meet the material for shareholders, employees, customers, creditorsand suppliers. The second level is the responsibility to benefit the human resource of community and avoid the damage to environment. The last one is the responsibility to the society. Even though there is not clear definition how far firms should address the social responsibility, there is indeed a fact that firms should take the social responsibility in their economic operations. Against and For Corporate Social Responsibility There is a hot debating on whether firms should address their corporate social responsibility or not. For the objectors, business is just business that maximize profits is the economic responsibility of management instead of being the social role in society. The social problems should not be resolved by firms and firms are not designed to handle these issues. Corporate social responsibility could be an important tool wielded by firms. Stated by The Wall Street Journal, the addressing of CSR may be anillusion and a dangerous one because when there is a conflict between private profit and social interest; firms tend to select the former one (Karnani,2010). Even though the firms say they are doing the projects with charity purposes, the investment or cost of these projects may be owned by other ways, which may harm the interest of environment or society. Different from the objectors, there are a variety of reasons to support the idea that firms should address the corporate social responsibility and be ethical. The first reason is that the human and social problems are largely led by industrialization and business firms own the social resource that business has the obligation to reduce and solve these issues. Firms have been important parts of the society and they own a huge resource, which means they also carry the obligation to solve the problems in the society especially these problems led by their economic operations. The second reason is that business firms can get benefits from addressing corporate social responsibility. CSR directly benefits the financial bottom line and improve the competitiveness of firms. CSR can enhance reputation and brand image of firms. The survey of PWC 2002 showed that 90% of respondents said that corporate social responsibility can enhance the corporate reputation. The 2002 Cone Corporate Citizenship Study also showed that 84 percent of American would change brands to those with good reputation in the similar price and quality (Kotler and Lee 2005). When companies address corporate social responsibility, it will bring positive impacts on retention, recruitment and motivations of employees for the firms. For example, Timberland is always encouraging its employees to offer community service called Path of Service, which has been ranked by Fortune and Timberland is named as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For (Provictus, 2012). The third reason is the social benefits brought by business firms when they address corporate social responsibility and act ethically. When business firms act ethically, the firms can reduce the negative impacts on stakeholders, employees, customers and the society, which will be discussed below with real cases. When business firms performance well in CSR, they can bring huge benefits to the investors, stakeholders, customers, community and society, which will be discussed below with examples as well. Negative Effects of Corporate Scandals When business firms or managers of firms act unethically and ignore their corporate social responsibility, the negative effects can outburst internally and externally. The negative effects of corporate scandals can influence the reputation of firms, the interests of stakeholders, employees, customers, environment and society. In 2009, Toyota recalled over 9 million cars over the world in two separate recalls because of the quality issue, which led to billions of dollars in operating losses andcharges. The reputation of top quality in car industry faced a heavy hit globally. Even though Toyota would not collapse completely, the reputation was threatened, which has been built through decades (Connor, 2010). The share price dropped down and customers distrusted Toyota in quality. The unethical action of Toyota to produce unsafe cars pulled Toyota in a dangerous place that it brought side effects on the reputation globally, which definitely reduced its market share and sales globally. In June 2009, the unethical behavior of Bernard Madoff damaged the interest of investors by using the Ponzi scheme. The similar case with Bernard Madoff exist more in business world, which brings huge side effects to investors. As a top audit firm, Enron met the corporate scandal. Enron lied about the profits and the success of Enron was brought by creative accounting. In 2013, the building collapse of Rana Plaza killed more than 1,100 people and this event involved many famous clothes brands into corporate scandals. Wal-Mart is one of them because it received clothes from Banned Bangladesh Factories, which has been defined as unethical operation (Grabell, 2013). The unethical behaviours of Wal-Mart damaged the interest of workers in Banned Bangladesh Factories. Meanwhile, Wal-Mart’s brand image has been affected because Wal-Mart is treated as a firm with social responsibility. In 2010, BAE Systems plc (BAES) pleaded guilty for overseas corruption (The United States Department of Justice, 2010). The real cases that business firms or managers act unethically without corporate social responsibility are more than these mentioned above over the world. The side effects of these corporate scandals are widely spread. The corporate scandals can hurt the reputation of firms, the interests of investors and stakeholders, welfare of employees, the life damage or property losses of customers and the damage of environment. The side effects are so great that the society urges that the business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Positive Effects of Acting Ethically and Socially Responsible The positive effects of acting ethically and socially responsible support the statement that business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Just like this essay stated above, there are various benefits firms and the whole society can get when firms address the corporate social responsibility and act ethically. Procter Gamble is an excellent case of multinational firms that address corporate social responsibility well. There are few corporate scandals of Procter Gamble in business world. Instead, there are many pieces of news on how Procter Gamble is an excellent citizen in business world that addresses corporate social responsibility well. For example, Procter Gamble provides PUR technology to purify dirty water for people in Africa and helps kids to live and get education (Procter Gamble, 2013). Children’s Safe Drinking Water Program (CSDW) has reached over 70 countries to save tens of thousands of lives (Procter Gamble, 2014a). Apart from this;Procter Gamble (2013) donated money and encouraged employees to help the poor kids to get education in China. To protect environment, Procter Gamble(2014b) is committed to design recycled products with innovation. Procter Gamble (2014c) is also trying to make zero waste a reality from manufacturing and designing. There is no report on how Procter Gamble benefit from addressing its corporate social responsibility. However, Procter Gamble build its great reputation in business world globally. The reputation enhances the brand image of Procter Gamble and meanwhile it increases the sales of Procter Gamble the cohesion of employees in the firm. The investors may tend to join in Procter Gamble because Procter Gamblehas great corporate citizenship. In addition to Procter Gamble, Coca Cola, Pepsi and other multinational firms are doing greatly in addressing the corporate social responsibility and get benefits from it even though it takes some cost. The money used in corporate social responsibility is another form of investment, which will come out profits with intangible asset. In China, there is a famous rich person called Li Ka-shing, who is always acting ethically and socially responsible. Because of his ethical business behavior and good morality, Li Ka-shing built his reputation and the reputation of his firm in business world, which has contributed a lot to his success. Meanwhile, the ethical behavior of Li Ka-shing avoided the side effects on the stakeholders, employees, customers and society. From the real case of Procter Gamble and Li Ka-shing, it shows that when business firms or businessmen act ethically and socially responsible, they get payback with good reputation and brand image, which will be switched to products sales and intangible asset. This supports the idea that why business should always be ethically and socially responsible. Conclusion In conclusion, business should always be ethically and socially responsible because the negative efforts of corporate scandals can hurt the interest of society while the impact of acting ethically and socially responsible can be positive to the society. The essay provides the definition of business ethics and corporate social responsibility to outline how firms and managers are acting ethically and socially responsible. Subsequently, it offers two sides for the argument whether firms should address corporate social responsibility to support the thesis of this essay. The real cases of corporate scandals show the results and side effects when firms behave unethically in economic operations to urge the need to be ethically and socially responsible. Meanwhile, the real cases of Procter Gamble and Li Ka-shing show that when firms or businessmen behave ethically and socially responsible, they can get payback in economy as well and the address corporate society will benefit the investors, employees, community, customers and environment. The negative impacts of acting unethically and the positive impacts of firms’ acting ethically and socially responsible to the firms, community and environment finally support the idea that business should always be ethically and socially responsible. How to cite Business Should Always Be Ethically and Socially Responsible, Papers

Research Paper on HIV and Children Essay Example

Research Paper on HIV and Children Essay This paper will focus on the problems connected with children and HIV. HIV and AIDS are severe illnesses of the last and this century, and the worst fact is that children also suffer from them. It is commonly considered that AIDS is a kind of disease that can kill adult people. But there is a great number of problems connected with children with AIDS or orphans, whose parents died because of this terrible disease and so on. As this virus usually is transmitted through sexual relations or drugs usage rarely is it associated with children affection. But in reality, millions of children all over the world live with HIV. We will stop now a little at the term â€Å"HIV positive,† it means that a person was infected with HIV and there are antibodies or markers for HIV in his blood, in other words, hi is â€Å"positive† for antidotes. The main aim of the immune system in the body of a person is to fight with bacteria and viruses and the immune system produces antibodies. But although the immune system can produce the antibodies for HIV it is not enough to kill the virus. HIV means Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus is the cause of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). The statistical research shows that about 3.1 million people die every year in the whole world and among them about half a million are children below 15. By the end of 2005, about 2.3 million children were living with HIV, taking into consideration that exact figures might be higher at some less-developed countries as they do not have enough facilities to provide the calculation of exact numbers. To accept the death is rather difficult for an adult person and children this is a tragedy as most of them are not even aware of the cause of their coming death. According to international laws, a child is a person under 18 years old. Most of AIDS organizations consider children to be below the age of 15. Thus we can not rely upon the facts concerning the number of ill children as sometimes the children from 15 to 18 are not counted. By the year 2005, about 700 000 children were infected with HIV, and about 80 % of them were from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, the Caribbean. Most of the children were infected by their mothers during pregnancy or breastfeeding. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on HIV and Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on HIV and Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on HIV and Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to the researchers, more than a quarter of children who are born with HIV live no longer than a year, about 60 % die before they become two years old. In some countries where the incomes of people are higher, the number of transmissions of HIV from mothers to children is lower as there is usually a great range of medications and they allow children live till adulthood. It is clear that with enough funding and staff and resources the high rates of deaths of children infected with HIV in lower-developed countries could be avoided. There are several ways how children are affected by HIV. First of all, there are a lot of children who are HIV+ themselves. Other children have to live with their family members who are HIV +, children are to take care of their parents who have AIDS; children become orphans when they lose one of both parents who had AIDS; children have to become the heads of the families as sometimes they also have to care for their younger sisters and brothers; very often children have to work and earn money in order to pay for expensive medications. In the community they live in, children also suffer from discriminations, lose their close people due to AIDS, as doctors and nurses die as well there appears the lack of medical care for children who need it. One of the main ways the child gets infected is – mother-to-child transmission. It is not always so that children get infected in the womb during their mothers are pregnant, but such cases are not rare. Even if they were not infected in the womb, they contact the fluids of their mother during the birth process and can become infected this way as well. Later on when a mother starts breastfeeding appears another danger of infection. There are some cases when although the mother is not infected, her child is, this happens in the medical setting where children contact with infected blood products or not sterilized needles or some other medical equipment. In some wealthy countries the doctors do their best to avoid such situations, but in some less-developed countries, the risk is rather high. The bright example could be the situation in Romania. Between the years 1987 and 1991, about 10 000 babies and small children were infected after contaminated injections and unscreened blood transfusions. It was already said that such ways of infection as drug usage and sexual activity are more associated with adults, but in fact, they are the same risk situations for children who come closer to the age of 15-16. The factual age of children who start their sexual life does not correspond with the age when it is considered to be appropriate. Young people are also inclined to using drugs. In undeveloped and as well in developed countries, not all children receive enough sexual education. The reasons are different, either moral or religious beliefs, cultural reasons or lack of resources. Some children start their sexual life or start taking drugs not being even informed about the risk they are taking. They often do not know about the ways of protecting themselves from infection and other unpleasant consequences. There are some situations when children are raped or become victims of sexual abuse, and as a result, are infected, in case the abuser was HIV+. Children suffer in this case not only from psychological trauma but the illness as well. Not in all countries enough attention is paid to this issue, on the contrary in South Africa, for example, exists a myth that a virgin can cure a man with HIV – as a result, men with HIV+ rape children, sometimes really young ones. In some developing countries, where children have to look for food and protection, sex for money brings HIV infection to them. Children have almost the same illnesses like mumps, measles, chickenpox, but for children who are not HIV+ these diseases are not of great risk, children HIV+ usually have to suffer longer from these illnesses and hardly react on the usual treatment means. As children have a really low level of their immune system is it not possible to give them the general vaccines, generally recommended for children. In children, HIV progresses into AIDS much sooner as in adults if children are without necessary treatment. They are at a high risk of dying during their first years. Besides, it is more important for children to have a better trained medical staff than it is for adult people. But in some countries like Africa for example, children are to be happy if they have any medical care. It is not allowed to use the less quantity of the same drugs that are used for adults, but this is the only way out for some less-developed countries. The doctors have just to break the pills into smaller pieces never knowing for sure that the child got the necessary dose of the medicine. In some occasions, children are given the same doses of the drugs as adults. As it was already mentioned, it is quite possible to avoid the transmission of HIV from mother to a child in case of appropriate intervention. The main methods are as follows: helping women to prevent HIV infection helping women to prevent pregnancy in case they are HIV+ special test procedures for women to identify whether they are HIV+ Women with HIV+ are at a greater risk of passing the virus to their children if their viral load is high. There are ways of lowering her viral load through special good treatment. Thus the chances for her baby not to be infected are higher. If it is not possible to give the mother the necessary treatment she and her child are offered a dose of nevirapine, before or after birth.This is the worst treatment option, but in some areas, this is the only one. An HIV+ pregnant woman might choose a cesarean section birth – surgical interference. The negative moment about this choice is the part of risk as well as in any other surgical procedure. If a baby is born and not infected from his HIV+ mother, it is possible to use artificial milk to avoid infection during breastfeeding. All these methods were for preventing the infection of newborn children, but all children need our attention. Even taking into account all legal means to keep children from using drugs or becoming sexually active too early, it is clear that it is not possible to provide 100% control and there always will be children who will break this laws and rules. At any rate children and youngsters should receive appropriate sexual health and HIV/AIDS education for them to make a more conscious choice about starting to get sex experience or drugs usage. Children should be taught how to avoid all possible dangers and risks connected with drugs; they should know the ways of protecting themselves and should be made aware of the places or special centers where they can get the support of help in case they need it, without judging them. There is a great number of treatment procedures that are to be used for children who are HIV+ or were born from HIV+ mothers. There is a common way of testing to check the antibodies of the virus. Every baby born from HIV+ mother is supposed to have them in his body. Then the test gives the positive result even if the baby is not infected. The results of such test are useless for the first 18 months of baby’s life. If the more complicated medical equipment is available another test could be done – viral load test. It also identifies HIV in a baby. Concerning the treatment procedures of children, it is a necessity to mention that the first part of treatment is monitoring the children to look after their health. The viral load tests and CD4 cell-counts cannot provide exact results for children as their immune system is not enough developed. According to doctors children are to receive fewer drugs during their treatment course. Children with HIV+ are at a risk of opportunistic infections – these are the infections that cause death. The typical example of such infection is PCP (this is a type of pneumonia), usually is met by very young children. It often happens so that a child who is HIV+ has another family member who is infected and thus this child could suffer from financial hardships as well. The emotional suffering in such families comes after losing a parent or close relative who had AIDS. If the child is HIV + or just has HIV, he needs a great portion of emotional support and care from the community. Children with HIV or AIDS very often experience discrimination in the community; they have to take care of their families, often have to leave school, and earn money for the family. Some children are left to their relatives, uncles or grandparents in cases of death of both parents, but sometimes they stay utterly alone and even have to take care of their younger sisters and brothers, such families are called – child-headed households, such children, are vulnerable to exploitation and HIV infection as well. Some people do their best to help such children either with food or clothes. Some health problems can be the results of HIV: HIV encephalopathy – HIV crosses the brain. Usually, the parts of the brain responsible for child’s talking and moving are affected. Such children have problems with a stiffness of the arms or legs, have problems with coordination. Children can not learn new words or experiences difficulties in talking process. The normal speed of development is not possible anymore, children sometimes even lose skills they have already gained before. Recurrent bacterial infections like ear infections, blood infections, meningitis are quite common. Children who do not have HIV are also vulnerable to such infections, but if the child has these infections for many times, this is the bad sign that the immune system of a child is ruined. Problems with gaining weight or not growing are also common for children with HIV. Children lose appetite because of drug treatment often. Diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complications are also the results of HIV. It is natural that parents of infected children are worried about infecting others. They should be informed that people do not catch this virus just living in the same house or using the same school or playground. Pets and insects do not pass the virus either. The usual hygiene means are to be used with children with HIV; the only extra care should be taken about blood. It is necessary to put on gloves when dealing blood. In case the child was cut somewhere a bandage should be put for 24 hours. If some splashes of blood got on somebody’s face or skin, it is necessary to wash them away as soon as possible. The towel which was used while washing should be put into a plastic bag and thrown away. Dishes and other utensils can be washed the usual way since the virus is not transmitted this way. Parents of children with HIV should also pay attention to giving children their medicines. Other important questions that parents of children with HIV face are the question whom to tell about the virus in the family. Such decisions are very private and should be taken only by parents themselves; it is only very important to inform health staff working with such children, like nurses and social workers, dentists and other family doctors. Some serious infections can start in the mouth, that’s why it is important to make the regular visits to the dentist. Parents should also remember that a child infected by this virus suffers not only physically but emotionally as well, because of intimidation by doctors, because of feeling lonely if the child is taken to hospital from his family, if one of the parents dies because of AIDS, because of possible side effects of medicines. Although too young, children might experience the fear of disability or even death. In such cases, parents need the help of professionals, doctors, social workers, sometimes even the pieces of advice from other parents whose children are infected. Overall, AIDS and HIV are tremendous and global problems of people all over the world. Millions of people suffer from them, and the most terrible fact is that some part of them is children. In this paper, we considered some basic notions connected with this virus, studied the research dealing this problem, learned about the crucial issues that should be taken into consideration by people taking care of children with HIV and so on.

An Introduction to the French Language and Linguistics

An Introduction to the French Language and Linguistics A good place to begin if youre considering learning any language is to learn about where the language came from and how it functions within linguistics. If youre thinking about learning French before your next visit to Paris, this quick guide will get you started on discovering where French came from. The Language of Love French belongs to a group of languages identified as a Romance language, although thats not why its called the language of love. In linguistic terms, Romance and Romanic have nothing to do with love; they come from the word Roman and simply mean from Latin. Other terms sometimes used for these languages are Romanic, Latin, or Neo-Latin languages. These languages evolved from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries. Some other very common Romance languages include Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. Other Romance languages include Catalan, Moldavian, Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian and Provenà §al. Because of their shared roots in Latin, these languages can have many words that are similar to each other.   Places French Is Spoken Romance languages originally evolved in Western Europe, but colonialism spread some of them all over the world. As a result,  French is spoken  in many regions other than just France. For example, French is spoken in the Maghreb, through Central and West Africa, and in Madagascar and Mauritius. Its the official language in 29 countries, but the majority of the francophone population is in Europe, followed by sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, the Middle East and the Americas, with about 1% being spoken in Asia and Oceania.   Even though French is a Romance language, which you now know means that it is based on Latin, French has a number of characteristics that set it apart from the other members of its linguistic family. The development of French  and basic  French linguistics  go back to Frenchs evolution from Gallo-Romance which was the spoken Latin in Gaul and even more specifically, in Northern Gaul.   Reasons to Learn to Speak French Aside from becoming fluent in the worlds recognized language of love, French has long been an international language for diplomacy, literature and commerce, and has played a significant role in the arts and sciences as well. French is a recommended language to know for business as well. Learning French can allow communication  for various business and leisure travel opportunities across the world.

How to Study for a Test or Final Exam

How to Study for a Test or Final Exam The end of the term is drawing near, and that means final exams are looming. How can you give yourself an edge this time around? The most important thing you can do is give yourself plenty of time to prepare. Then follow this simple plan: 1) Study2) Test yourself with a practice test3) Discover your weak areas4) Study again5) Test yourself again That’s the simplified version. For really great results on your finals: Science Says Start Early There are many recent studies that show  that it is important to study in stages. The findings say that its best to  start early and give your brain a rest, then study again. If youre preparing for a comprehensive exam, gather together all the material you’ve received during the term. You probably have handouts, notes, old assignments, and old tests. Don’t leave anything out. Read through your class notes twice. Some things will sound familiar and some things will sound so unfamiliar you’ll swear they were written by somebody else. That’s normal. After you study all your notes for a term, try to come up with themes that connect all of the material. Establish a Study Group or Partner Schedule at least one meeting time with a study partner or study group. If you absolutely can’t get together, then exchange email addresses. Instant messages will work well, too. Invent and use learning games with your group. You could also consider communicating through an online forum like the Homework / Study Tips forum. Use Old Tests Collect your old exams from the year (or semester) and make a photocopy of each one. Whiteout the test answers and copy each one again. Now you have a set of practice tests. For best results, you should make several copies of each old exam and keep taking the tests until you score perfectly on each one. Note: You can’t white out the answers on the original, or you won’t have an answer key! Build Up Your Class Notes Organize your notes by date (do the best you can if you didn’t date your pages) and make note of any missing dates/pages. Get together with a study partner or group to compare notes and fill in any missing material. Don’t be too surprised if you missed key information from the lectures. Everybody zones out once in a while. After you organize your new set of notes, underline any keywords, formulas, themes, and concepts. Make yourself a new practice test with fill-in sentences and term definitions. Print out several tests and practice several times. Ask the members of your study group to make practice tests as well. Then swap. Re-Do Your Old Assignments Gather any old assignments and re-do the exercises. Many textbooks have exercises at the end of every chapter. Review those until you can answer every question with ease. Use Different Textbooks If you’re studying for a math or science exam, find another textbook or study guide that covers the same material that you’ve studied this term. You can find used books at yard sales, used book stores, or in the library. Different textbooks will provide you with different explanations. You might find one that makes something clear for the first time. Other textbooks can also give you a new twist or fresh questions on the same material. Thats exactly what your teacher will do on the final! Invent Your Own Essay Questions For history, political science, literature, or any theory class, focus on themes. Read your notes again and mark anything that looks like it would serve well as an essay question. Which terms make good comparisons? For example, what terms could a teacher use as a â€Å"compare and contrast† question? Try coming up with your own long essay questions by comparing two similar events or similar themes. Have your friend or study partner come up with essay questions and compare.

Role of the U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on America and Essay - 1

Role of the U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on America and the World - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Franklin Delano Roosevelt had a very long presidency, lasting three terms, which is unusual since American presidents normally only have one or two terms.   He belonged to the Democrat party and introduced many reforms to include the famous â€Å"New Deal† which aimed to get people back to work after the Depression. In his work abroad he was respected for his diplomacy and he certainly is responsible for helping to bring the Second World War to an end. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, as his family name suggests, belonged to a family of Dutch descent. They traced their roots back to the early settlers of America in the region in and around New York and to a Dutch farmer called Nicholas Claes Martenzen von Rosenvelt who came from Holland right at the beginning of the settlement period, in the early 1600s. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s parents were wealthy and they lived in the upper-class Hudson River area. Both James Franklin and Sara Delano had inheri ted money and a good education from their parents and the young Franklin grew up in a happy home, very much loved especially by his mother who was much younger than her husband. After homeschooling by a series of governesses until the age of 14, Roosevelt attended Groton, a private educational establishment led by the school’s founder, Endicott Peabody. This was a very privileged schooling: â€Å"At a time when most educational reformers stressed democracy and equal access to schools, Peabody attempted to build a school where the ‘best families’ of New England would send their sons to prepare them for future positions of leadership.† In some ways, this background excluded the young Roosevelt from the hardships that other people suffered, such as poverty and exclusion from the good things in life, but on the other hand, the Christian morals and hard-working ethic of Peabody’s school gave him a good moral basis for his future life. Having an educated mother who spoke several languages also allowed the young Franklin D. Roosevelt to develop an awareness and understanding of other countries which would come in very useful during his later career.

INVESTIGATING AUSTRALIAN RADIOGRAPHERS' PERCEPTIONS ON ADVANCED Research Paper

INVESTIGATING AUSTRALIAN RADIOGRAPHERS' PERCEPTIONS ON ADVANCED PRACTICE WITH EMPHASIS ON IMAGE INTERPRETATION AND INVOLVED TR - Research Paper Example With advanced radiographic practice, radiographers are allowed not only to acquire medical images but to perform skills formerly restricted to other specialists, such as image interpretation (Hardy and others 2008, e16) and clinical assessment. It was said that the main benefit of this system is to free physicians and other highly-trained specialists to concentrate on their essential function – that is, to diagnose and to treat (Australian Institute of Radiography 2009). United Kingdom leads the development in advanced radiographic practice (Cowling 2008), with the radiographer’s roles changing towards diagnosis and even radiation therapy over the last twenty years (Australian Institute of Radiography 2009). However, several countries still have not fully accepted advanced practice. In Australia, while there have been attempts to implement role expansion, advanced practice has not been officially established (Burrow and others 2006). This is despite the fact that the co untry has shortage of radiologists attributed to reduced working hours and small staff growth rate increase (Smith and Baird 2008). Several reasons were identified for this uncertainty in Australia including resistance from the medical workforce and radiographer education, thereby affecting radiographer’s perception towards advanced practice. Given the situation, it is necessary to explore the aspects of advanced practice in Australia since resistance to it may lead to reduced standards and recognition of the profession of the radiographers (Cowling 2008). United Kingdom vs. Australia: A Comparison The demand for radiologists due to the increasing population has been regarded as the major factor that drives the need for advanced radiographic practice worldwide. Between United Kingdom and Australia, the number of patients per radiologist is greater for the latter (Smith and Baird 2007, 629). However, when it comes to the number of examinations per year, reports show that Unite d Kingdom has more compared to Australia (Smith and Baird 2007, 629). While imbalance between supply and demand exists in these two countries, each adapted a different approach in carrying out advanced practice. According to Cowling (2008, e29), advanced radiographic practice worldwide can be classified at several levels. United Kingdom belongs to the first level which is characterized by the presence of driving forces such as government intervention, research, graduate programs and professional organizations that lead to implementation of advanced practice in the field (Cowling 2008, e29). On the other hand, Australia only belongs to the second level, in which despite the presence of the same driving forces, implementation has not been carried out to remarkable levels (Cowling 2008, e29). In United Kingdom, government policy has been directed towards enhancing the National Health Service; thus, contributing to the advancement of radiographers’ roles and practice (Australian Institute of Radiography 2009, 28). In fact, the government has increased funds for the National Health Service (Smith and Baird